Moon may hold frozen water in more places than suspected

These ice-rich areas are near the moons north and south poles. Temperatures are so low in these so-called cold traps minus 261 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 163 degrees Celsius) that they could hold onto the water for millions or even billions of years.

We believe this will help expand the possible landing sites for future lunar missions seeking water, opening up real estate previously considered off limits for being bone dry, Hayne said in an email to The Associated Press.

Using data from NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the researchers identified cold traps as small as a few yards (meters) across and as wide as 18 miles (30 kilometers) and more, and used computer models to get all the way down to micrometers in size.

Since the little ones are too small to see from orbit, despite being vastly more numerous, we cant yet identify ice inside them, Hayne said. Once were on the surface, we will do that experiment.

For a second study, scientists used NASA's airborne infrared observatory Sofia to conclusively identify water molecules on the sunlit portions of the moon, just outside the polar regions. Most of these molecules are likely stored in the voids between moon dust and other particles or locked inside glassy volcanic material.

Scientists believe all this water on the moon came from comets, asteroids, interplanetary dust, the solar wind or even lunar volcanic eruptions. They'll have a better idea of the sources if we can get down on the surface and analyze samples of the ice, Hayne said.

The lead researcher, Casey Honniball, a postdoctoral fellow at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, said at a news conference that she wanted to make it clear the Sofia study had not found puddles on the moon. Rather, the identified hydrogen and oxygen molecules are so far apart, they are neither in liquid or solid form, she noted.

NASA is under White House direction to put astronauts back on the moon by 2024. The space agency wants its new Artemis moon-landing program to be sustainable, unlike the Apollo program a half-century ago.

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