Global airlines are meeting under a storm pattern of trade tensions, rising oil prices and a two-month-old grounding of the Boeing Co 737 MAX jetliner - threatening to put a halt to five years of strong profits in the cut-throat air travel industry.
The sector's bosses converge on Seoul for a summit this weekend, but what might have been a celebration of growth in one of the world's most vibrant regions now risks being thrown off course by a crippling US-China trade spat and growing environmental pressures spreading from Europe.
"The last six months have been pretty tough for airlines," the head of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said ahead of the annual meeting of the body, which groups 290 airlines representing over 80 percent of air travel.
"Rising costs, trade wars and other uncertainties are likely to have an impact on the bottom line," IATA Director General Alexandre de Juniac added.
The June 1-3 summit is a chance to examine passenger and cargo trends: key barometers of consumer confidence and trade amid a faltering global economy.
IATA's most recent projection for $35.5 billion in industry profits this year now looks unsustainable due to the falling cargo market and weaker passenger growth, and de Juniac has given a strong steer that the group would trim the forecast at the upcoming Seoul meeting.
The cargo slump, with volumes down 3.7 percent in April including a 7.4 percent fall in the Asia-Pacific, is a concern for big freight carriers like Cathay Pacific and the IATA summit host Korean Air Lines.
"We have really since the end of last year seen quite a deterioration of cross-border trade following the earlier round of tariff increases," IATA Chief Economist Brian Pearce said.
The meeting of some 200 CEOs is the largest gathering since the industry was plunged into crisis over the grounding of the 737 MAX in March following two crashes. IATA members have invested hundreds of billions of dollars in the MAX and are anxious to contain any public or regulatory backlash.
Aviation leaders maintain flying remains remarkably safe relative to other forms of transport.
But the decision by China, the European Union and others to ground the MAX before the United States opened an unusual split in the regulatory system, worrying airlines and planemakers.
737 MAX CUSTOMER TALKS
IATA, which is taking an increasingly central role in the crisis by hosting talks of MAX customers, believes the aircraft could return to service in August. But that is too late to prevent significant disruption to summer schedules.
Pressure on Boeing grew ahead of the IATA meeting as the China Air Transport Association estimated losses to Chinese airlines of some 4 billion yuan ($579 million).
IATA began in 1945 as a quasi-regulator and price-setter. It is now mainly a lobbying group but retains a special role as a clearing house for financial transactions and common standards.
Its perennial list of concerns includes high airport charges and what IATA calls "scandalous" air traffic delays in Europe.
But it is also wrestling with a rapid surge in anti-aviation sentiment in parts of Europe and calls in the Netherlands and elsewhere for new taxes to curb airliner emissions.
The aviation industry says it has plans to contribute to climate efforts through a carbon-offset scheme called CORSIA, but critics say the initiative is too timid.
Local airlines seem to encapsulate this year's subdued tone.
Korean Air is mourning the death of long-time chairman Cho Yang-ho from a chronic illness in April, weeks after shareholders ousted the tycoon from the board of the country's largest airline.
The carrier, now led by his son Walter, has been receiving negative media attention since an incident dubbed "nut rage" went viral in 2014, when Cho's eldest daughter Heather lost her temper over the way she was served nuts in first class and ordered the plane to return to its gate at a New York airport.
Rival Asiana's top shareholder Kumho Industrial Co said last month it was selling its stake in the debt-laden carrier which has been slashing routes to improve profitability.
"It seems there is not much of a celebratory mood given the circumstances at our major carriers," said Kim Ik-sang, a senior analyst at BNK Securities.
